Attorney General's Commission on Pornography: Final Report

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Book Contents

Click heading for contents

Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
Book Cover
Part One
1. Commissioner Biographies
Henry E. Hudson
Judith Veronica Becker
Diane D. Cusack
Park Elliott Dietz
James C. Dobson
Edward J. Garcia
Ellen Levine
Tex Lezar
Bruce Ritter
Frederick Schauer
Deanne Tilton-Durfee
Alan E. Sears: Executive Director
2. Acknowledgements and Notes
3. Individual Commissioners Statements
Statement of Henry E. Hudson, Chairman
Statement of Diane D. Cusack
Statement of Park Elliott Dietz [1]
I. Pornography And Health
II. Pornography And Morality [2]
III. Pornography And Freedom
IV. Appendix
Personal Comments by Commissioner James Dobson
Statement of Father Bruce Ritter
The Category III Debate
The "Printed Word" Debate
The Indecency Standard
Sex Education for Our Children
A Priest on the Commission
The Writing of this Document
Conclusion
Pornography and Privacy
Nonviolent, Sexually Explicit Material and Sexual Violence
Personal Statement of Commissioner Frederick Schauer
Statement of Deanne Tilton-Durfee
Child Victims
Family Life Education
Exposure of Children to Explicit and Violent Materials
Prioritization of Response
A Word about Words
Time and Structure
Summary
Statement of Judith Becker, Ellen Levine and Deanme Tilton-Durfee
Statement of Dr. Judith Becker and Ellen Levine
Part Two
1. Introduction
1.1 The Commission and its Mandate
1.2 The Work of the Commission
1.3 The 1970 Commission on Obscenity and Pornography
1.4 Defining Our Central Terms
2. The History of Pornography
2.1 Pornography as Social Phenomenon
2.2 Regulation and the Role of Religion
2.3 Obscenity Law-the Modern History
3. The Constraints of the First Amendment
3.1 The Presumptive Relevance of the First Amendment
3.2 The First Amendment, the Supreme Court, and the Regulation of Obscenity
3.3 Is the Supreme Court Right?
3.4 The Risks of Abuse
4. The Market and the Industry
4.1 The Market for Sexual Explicitness
4.1.1 The Motion Picture Industry
4.1.2 Sexually Explicit Magazines
4.1.3 Television
4.2 The Pornography Industry
4.2.1 The Production of Films, Video Tapes, and Magazines
4.2.2 Channels of Distribution
4.2.3 The Retail Level
4.3 The Role of Organized Crime
5. The Question of Harm
5.1 Matters of Method
5.1.1 Harm and Regulation-The Scope of Our Inquiry
5.1.2 What Counts as a Harm?
5.1.3 The Standard of Proof
5.1.4 The Problem of Multiple Causation
5.1.5 The Varieties of Evidence
5.1.6 The Need to Subdivide
5.2 Our Conclusions about Harm
5.2.1 Sexually Violent Material
5.2.2 Nonviolent Materials Depicting Degradation, Domination, Subordination, or Humiliation
5.2.3 Non-Violent and Non-Degrading Materials
5.2.4 Nudity
5.3 The Need for Further Research
6. Laws and Their Enforcement
6.1 An Overview of the Problem
6.2 Should Pornography Be Regulated by Law?
6.2.1 The Question Is Deregulation
6.2.2 Law Enforcement, Priority, and Multiple Causation
6.2.3 The Problem of Under-inclusiveness
6.3 The Criminal Law
6.3.1 The Sufficiency of Existing Criminal Laws
6.3.2 The Problems of Law Enforcement
6.3.3 Federalism
6.3.4 What Should Be Prosecuted?
6.3.5 The Special Prominence of the Printed Word
6.4 Regulation by Zoning
6.5 The Civil Rights Approach to Pornography
6.6 Obscenity and the Electronic Media
6.7 Enforcing Both Sides of the Law
7. Child Pornography
7.1 The Special Horror of Child Pornography
7.2 Child Pornography as a Cottage Industry
7.3 Child Pornography, the Law, and the First Amendment
7.4 Enforcement of the Child Pornography Laws
8. The Role of Private Action
8.1 The Right to Condemn and the Right to Speak
8.2 The Methods of Protest
8.3 The Risks of Excess
8.4 The Importance of Education and Discussion
Part Three
1. Introduction
I. Recommendations for the Justice System and Law Enforcement Agencies
II. Recommendations for the Regulation of Child Pornography
III. Victimization
IV. Civil Rights
V. "Adults Only" Pornographic Outlets
2. Recommendations For The Justice System And Law Enforcement Agencies
A. Recommendations for Changes in Federal Law
RECOMMENDATION 1
RECOMMENDATION 2
RECOMMENDATION 3
RECOMMENDATION 4
RECOMMENDATION 5
RECOMMENDATION 6
B. Recommendations for Changes in State Law
RECOMMENDATION 7
RECOMMENDATION 8
RECOMMENDATION 9
RECOMMENDATION 10
C. Recommendations for the United States Department of Justice
RECOMMENDATION 11
RECOMMENDATION 12
RECOMMENDATION 13
RECOMMENDATION 14
RECOMMENDATION 15
RECOMMENDATION 16
RECOMMENDATION 17
D. Recommendations for State and Local Prosecutors
RECOMMENDATION 18
RECOMMENDATION 19
RECOMMENDATION 20
RECOMMENDATION 21
RECOMMENDATION 22
RECOMMENDATION 23
RECOMMENDATION 24
RECOMMENDATION 25
E. Recommendations for Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
RECOMMENDATION 26
RECOMMENDATION 27
F. Recommendations for State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies
RECOMMENDATION 28
RECOMMENDATION 29
RECOMMENDATION 30
RECOMMENDATION 31
RECOMMENDATION 32
G. Recommendations for the Judiciary
RECOMMENDATION 33
H. Recommendations for the Federal Communications Commission
RECOMMENDATION 34
RECOMMENDATION 35
I. Recommendations for Other Federal Organizations
RECOMMENDATION 36
3. Child Pornography
Federal Statutes
State Laws
RECOMMENDATION 37
RECOMMENDATION 38
RECOMMENDATION 39
RECOMMENDATION 40
RECOMMENDATION 41
RECOMMENDATION 42
RECOMMENDATION 43
RECOMMENDATION 44
RECOMMENDATION 45
RECOMMENDATION 46
RECOMMENDATION 47
RECOMMENDATION 48
RECOMMENDATION 49
RECOMMENDATION 50
RECOMMENDATION 51
RECOMMENDATION 52
RECOMMENDATION 53
RECOMMENDATION 54
RECOMMENDATION 55
RECOMMENDATION 56
RECOMMENDATION 57
RECOMMENDATION 58
RECOMMENDATION 59
RECOMMENDATION 60
RECOMMENDATION 61
RECOMMENDATION 62
RECOMMENDATION 63
RECOMMENDATION 64
RECOMMENDATION 65
RECOMMENDATION 66
RECOMMENDATION 67
RECOMMENDATION 68
RECOMMENDATION 69
RECOMMENDATION 70
RECOMMENDATION 71
RECOMMENDATION 72
RECOMMENDATION 73
RECOMMENDATION 74 (no text)
RECOMMENDATION 75
RECOMMENDATION 76
RECOMMENDATION 77
RECOMMENDATION 78
RECOMMENDATION 79
RECOMMENDATION 80
RECOMMENDATION 81
RECOMMENDATION 82
RECOMMENDATION 83
RECOMMENDATION 84
RECOMMENDATION 85
4. Victimization
RECOMMENDATION 86
Appendix A
5. Civil Rights
RECOMMENDATION 87
6. Nuisance
7. Anti-Display Laws
Part Four
1. Victimization
I. Introduction
II. Adverse Effects
A. Physical Harm
1. Rape
2. Forced Sexual Performance
3. Battery, Torture
4. Murder
5. Imprisonment
6. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
7. Masochistic Self-Harm
8. Prostitution
B. Psychological Harm
1. Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior [829]
2. Fear and Anxiety Caused by Seeing Pornography
3. Feelings of Shame and Guilt [846]
4. Fear of Exposure through Publication or Display of Pornographic Materials
5. Amnesia and Denial and Repression of Abuse[857]
6. Nightmares [867]
7. Compulsive Reenactment of Sexual Abuse and inability to Feel Sexual Pleasure Outside of a Context of Dominance and Submission [869]
8. Inability to Experience Sexual Pleasure and Feelings of Sexual Inadequacy
9. Feelings of Inferiority and Degradation
10. Feelings of Frustrations with the Legal System
11. Abuse of Alcohol and Other Drugs [895]
C. Social Harms
1. Loss of job or Promotion/Sexual Harassment
2. Financial Losses
3. Defamation and Loss of Status in the Community
4. Promotion of Racial Hatred
5. Loss of Trust within a Family
6. Prostitution
7. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
2. The Use of Performers in Commercial Pornography
A. Background
1. Terminology and Distinctions
2. Previous Commission Findings
3. Performers and Obscenity Law
B. Use Of Performers In Pornography -- The Evidence
1. The Nature of the Evidence
2. The Performers
a. Age
b. Personal Background
c. Economic Circumstances
3. The Job
1. Recruitment
2. Coercion
3. Contractual Terms
4. Working Conditions
5. Health Risks
6. Drug Use
7. "Modeling" vs. Acting
8. Career Prospects
4. Modeling And Personal Life
C. Conclusions And Recommendations
1. Modeling and Prostitution
2. Sex Discrimination
3. Invasion of Personal Rights
3. Social and Behavioral Science Research Analysis
Introduction
Overview of the 1970 Commission Research Conclusions
Other Pornography Commissions and Social Science Research
Public Attitudes Toward Pornography
1. Public Exposure to Sexually Explicit Materials
Public Standards of Acceptability
Perceptions of Pornography's Effects
Public Perception of Pornography as a Social Problem
Summary I
Sex Offenders and Pornography
Aggregate Indicators: the Incidence of Sex Offenses and Pornography Availability:
Evidence from Sexual Offenders
Methodological Considerations
Early exposure
Fantasies and Arousal
Commission of Sex Crimes
Summary II
Effects on the "Average Individual": the Experimental Evidence
The Effects of Violent Sexually Explicit Materials
Effects on Fantasies
Effects on Arousal, Perceptions, and Attitudes
Aggressive Behavior
Effects of Massive Exposure
The Effects of Nonviolent Sexually Explicit Materials
Affective and Perceptual Responses
Effects on Behavior
Effects from Longer Term Exposure
Individual Differences
Summary for Violent and Nonviolent Sexually Explicit Materials
Some Methodological Considerations
Ability to Generalize Experimental Findings
The College Student as Experimental Subject
Ethical Considerations
Measures of Behavioral Effects
Operationalizations of Pornography
Some Theoretical Considerations
Other Effects of Sexually Explicit Materials
An Integration of the Research Findings
Summary of Commission Findings of Harm from Pornography
4. Organized Crime
I. Preface
II. Introduction
III. Organized Crime Involvement in Pornography
IV. Related Crimes and Activities
1. Murder
2. Physical Violence Damage to Property
3. Prostitution and Other Sexual Abuse
4. Narcotics Distribution
5. Money Laundering and Tax Violations
6. Copyright Violations
7. Fraud
V. Reuben Sturman
VI. Conclusion
Appendix One: MIPORN
1. Star Distributors Inc.
2. A & A News
3. Imperial News
4. S. and L. Distributors
5. Sovereign News Company
6. California International Distributors (CID)
7. L and W Sales
8. Le Salon Distributors
9. Walter "Frenchy" Bagnell
10. Wonderful World of Video
11. T.G.A. Associates
12. Arrow Film and Video Co. (Arrow)
13. J & G Sales
14. California Publishers Liquidating Corporation
15. Discount Distributors, TVX Distributors and Atlanta Video
16. Central Sales
17. National Film Company
18. Bon Jay Sales, Inc.
19. M and M Video Systems, Inc.
20. Alvin Nunes, Honolulu, Hawaii
(end text)
Appendix Two: MAGLOCLEN
Appendix Three: The Annual Report to the Legislature
Appendix Four: Organized Crime's Involvement in the Pornography Industry
I. Foreword
II. Previous and Current Laws Effecting U.S. Pornography
III. Pornography Investigation
A. Production/distribution
B. Individual Corporate Organizational Profiles
1. Corporate Organizational Profile #1 (Chart C)
2. Corporate Organizational Profile #2 (Chart D)
3. Corporate Organizational Profile #3 (Chart E)
4. Corporate Organizational Profile #4 (Chart F)
5. Corporate Organizational Profile #5 (CHART G)
6. Corporate Organizational Profile #6 (Chart H)
7. Synopsis (Chart I Links Charts C thru H) (no text)
8. Corporate Organizational Profile #7 (Chart J)
9. Corporate Organizational Profile #8 (Chart K)
10. Synopsis (Chart L Links Charts J & K) (no text)
11. Corporate Organizational Profile #9 (Chart M)
12. Synopsis (Chart N Links Charts C thru M) (no text)
IV. Organized Crime Involvement (Other than Corporate Organizational Profiles)
V. Conclusion
VI. Recommendations
Appendix Five: United States Department of Justice Organized Crime Involvement in Pornography June 8, 1977
California
New York
Florida
Illinois (Chicago)
Massachusetts/Rhode Island
Pennsylvania/New Jersey
Michigan
Maryland (Baltimore)
Ohio (Cleveland)
Georgia (Atlanta)
5. Regulation of Pornography: An Historical Perspective
6. First Amendment Considerations
7. Citizen and Community Action and Corporate Responsibility
I. Preface
II. Introduction
III. Methods by Which Citizens Can Express Concern about Pornography and Other Offensive Materials in Their Area (Community)
Suggestion 1
Suggestion 2
Suggestion 3
Suggestion 4
Suggestion 5
Suggestion 6
Suggestion 7
Suggestion 8
Suggestion 9
Suggestion 10
Suggestion 11
Suggestion 12
Suggestion 13
Suggestion 14
Conclusions
8. Production and Distribution of Sexually Explicit Material
I. Historical Overview of the Industry
II. Production, Distribution, and Technology of Sexually Explicit Materials
A. Motion Pictures
Production
Distribution
a. Motion Picture Association of America's Rating System
b. Sexually Explicit Motion Pictures
B. Video Tape Cassettes
Production
Distribution
C. Magazines
Production
Distribution
D. Cable and Satellite Television
Production
Distribution
E. Dial-a-Porn
Production
Distribution
F. Computers
Production
Distribution
G. Other Materials Sold in Pornographic Outlets
Production
Distribution
H. Paperback Books
Production
Distribution
I. Tabloids
Production
Distribution
J. Photo Sets
Production
Distribution
K. Audio Tapes
Production
Distribution
L. Peep Shows
Production
Distribution
III. Outlets
a. "Adult Only" Pornographic Outlets
b. General Retail Outlets
IV. Miilitary Bases
Army and Air Force Base Exchanges
Marine Base Exchanges
Naval Base Exchanges
V. Prisons
9. The Imagery Found Among Magazines, Books and Films in "Adults Only" Pornographic Outlets
Method
Results
1. Specific Materials
2. Paperback Books
3. Motion Pictures and Video Tape Cassettes
a. Forgive Me -- I Have Sinned [2273]
b. The Taming of Rebecca [2274]
c. The Devil in Miss Jones [2275]
d. Deep Throat [2276]
e. Debbie Does Dallas [2278]
Legal Cases
4. Peep Shows
5. Tabloid
10. Sample Forms
I. Obscenity Statute Utilizing Miller Standard
II. Forfeiture Statutes (With Postal Service Amendment)
Possible Criminal Forfeiture Provision:
Possible Civil Forfeiture Provision:
Amended Title 39 S2003
III. Search Warrants
A. Affidavit for Search Warrant -- Child Pornography
B. Affidavit for Search Warrant -- Child Pornography
C. Affidavit for Search Warrant -- Child Pornography
D. Affidavit for Search Warrant -- Obscenity
SEARCH WARRANT EXAMPLE
11. Witnesses Testifying Before the Commission
Washington, D.C. -- June 19, 1985
Washington, D.C. -- June 20, 1985
Chicago, Illinois -- July 24, 1985
Chicago, Illinois -- July 25, 1985
Houston, Texas -- September 11, 1985
Houston, Texas -- September 12, 1985
Los Angeles, California -- October 16. 1985
Los Angeles, California -- October 17, 1985
Miami Florida -- November 20, 1985
Miami Florida -- November 21, 1985
New York, New York -- January 21, 1986
New York, New York -- January 22, 1986
12. Witnesses Invited But Unable to Appear Before the Commission
13. Persons Submitting Written Statements
Part Five
1. Bibliography
A. Regulation of Pornography -- A Historical Perspective
B. Production, Distribution, and Technology of Sexually Explicit Materials
C. Child Pornography
D. Social and Behavioral Science
E. Law Enforcement
F. First Amendment Considerations
G. Organized Crime
H. Community, Citizen, and Corporate Action and Responsibility
2. Additional Suggested Reading Materials
3. Staff Listing
Part Six
Photographs
Appendix A. Charter of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography

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